San Marino

San Marino is a landlocked nation in Southern Europe, encircled by Italy. It is the largest of Italy's two microstates, together with Vatican City, and is situated on the northeastern slopes of the Apennine Mountains. With a population of 34,042 as of 2025 and a land area of slightly over 61 km2, San Marino is the fifth-smallest nation in the world. Its major settlement, Dogana, is located in the municipality of Serravalle, while its capital, the City of San Marino, is situated atop Monte Titano. San Marino was established in 301 AD and is regarded as the earliest constitutional republic and sovereign state still in existence.